History of Ford Thunderbird :: essays research papers

The Ford Thunderbird, an American great, is a vehicle fabricated in the United States by Ford Motor Company. It was made just twenty months after Chevrolets Corvette as a rebound vehicle and entered structure for the 1955 model year as a two-seater looking like a games vehicle, which went marked down on October 22, 1954 (Wilson 116). As the Thunderbird was a superior entertainer and cost 400 and ninety six dollars less, no big surprise it sold better. Truth be told, the marketing projection for the principal model was about multiple times that of the Corvette (Georgano 122). Through the improvement of the Ford Thunderbird it has advanced definitely in style and execution over its long history. Albeit none of this would have occurred without the arrangement of the plan to make what is known as the Ford Thunderbird. There are two beauticians credited with the formation of the Thunderbird: Lewis D. Crusoe and George Walker, who later turned into a main beautician and a Ford VP. They traveled to Paris, and keeping in mind that they were there they saw a games vehicle that stood out enough to be noticed. From that second on, they realized they needed to concoct something simply like it. They went to fill in when authorization was given from home office. Their objective was to have a lightweight games vehicle with a V-8 motor that quickened to speeds over 100 mph. They accomplished this objective effectively, yet they didn't meet their anticipated load for the vehicle. Crusoe began a dirt model of the vehicle lastly picked up the acknowledgment on it in May of 1953 (Wilson 116). When the model was finished there came about the trouble in settling on a name. The originators were totally lost when it came to names yet proposals came pouring in by the thousands. At last, the architects limited it down to only one name â€Å"Whizzer,† however Crusoe was simply not happy with it. He concocted a prize, a 200 and fifty dollar suit, for any individual who could think of a superior name. It was not some time before they got an accommodation from a planner named Alden Giberson. The name he thought of was â€Å"Thunderbird.† Crusoe affirmed it and the name was not, at this point debatable. His thought for that name shockingly didn't originate from the Native American image for â€Å"Thunder-bird,† however from a conspicuous region in Rancho Mirage, California.

Statement of Purpose. The social work profession Personal

Of Purpose. The social work calling - Personal Statement Example The settings of social work practice may incorporate emergency clinics, the homes of administration clients, schools, and other intentional associations (Horne, 1999). In my human help encounters and connections with others, I have joined the estimations of social work from multiple points of view. In the act of my calling, I have given huge consideration to the social work estimations of administration, nobility and worth of the individual, social equity, trustworthiness, significance of human connections and skill (Sue, 2005). I have consistently held dear the social work estimation of administration dependent on the explanation that the essential objective of my calling is to help those deprived to address the social issues, which they might be confronting. As the social work estimation of administration to customers implies, social laborers should chip in a portion of their expert aptitudes with no desire for budgetary return. I have effectively done this since I have helped a la rge portion of my customers with no desire for getting comes back from them. Another center social work esteem incorporates social equity, which depends on the moral rule that social laborers should challenge social foul play (Vass, 1996). As far as I can tell and cooperations with others, I have sought after change in the interest of the persecuted and helpless people in the public arena. While working with various gatherings of people, I have understood the need to recognize their ethnic, just as social decent variety. In the act of social work calling, social specialists should regard the respect and worth of the individual. In that capacity, social laborers should target treating customers and all people in an aware and caring way (Turner, 2011). I have held this incentive to the last mentioned; I have consistently advanced the self assurance of customers in the choices they make. In a socially capable way, I have tried to determine the contentions between customer interests and interests of the more extensive society. Honesty can be viewed as one of the guiding principle in the act of social work; social laborers have the commitment to act in a way that appears to be reliable (Shardlow, 2004). In my encounters with customers and associations with individuals, I have consistently acted in accordance with the strategic, standards, values, and moral principles of social work. I have acted capably and genuinely; I have accomplished this by advancing moral standards and practices of the calling. In my human assistance encounters and associations with individuals, I have perceived the centrality of human connections. I have helped customers to comprehend that the connections they have with individuals assume a basic job in change. In addition, I have strived to fortify the connections between individuals. This has permitted me to improve, reestablish, and advance the prosperity of families, people, and social gatherings. In my collaborations with individuals an d human help understanding, I have effectively gotten able in the field of social assistance. This has permitted me to upgrade and build up the expert act of my calling. Ability has expanded my expert aptitudes just as information; I intend to apply these practically speaking. I have had huge educational encounters and connections in giving assistance; these encounters spurred me to seek after social work. Social work involves working with customers at different levels, particularly the destitute, so as to improve their

This is what happens when we dont do work

This is what happens when we don’t do work Im long overdue for a blog update. To dispel your mental image of me as a faceless recluse, I havent been posting because of a drought of excitement. Actually, theres been too much excitement for me to find the time to blog. Heres a quick summary of my last two-and-a-bit weeks to prove it. CPW I spent most of CPW punting psets in order to gorge myself on free food, wander around campus terrifying prefrosh, and brew gallons of bubble tea for my caffeine event (note: never hold a confusingly named event on the fifth floor). I only wish Id had more time to spend at my first Meet The Bloggers, which was a pretty fun, low-key event. Apologies to Rohan15 for this gem of a conversation Im about to share: Rohan: Youre pretty chill! I was expecting you to bemorewell me: NERDY AND AWKWARD??? Is that it? Rohan: I didnt want to say it, but yes. Although I am arguably nerdy and awkward, MIT students are generally not the variety of nerd that seems to stick in societys collective subconscious. CPW, while certainly not farfetched, is a heavily time-compressed exaggeration of MIT. We dont stay up until 4am speaking in rapid-fire Math-ese or building wall-climbing robots every night, only some nights. If you think thats weird, every once in a while, my (course 12) GRT will burst excitedly into the kitchen to talk about rock striations. The daily grind About a year ago, in a flash of inspiration, my neighbor Ale bought a secondhand trumpet. For months, my ears were barraged with brassy wails reminiscent of a dying porpoise. Now, hes good enough that hes more comfortable using the trumpet than the piano to help him compose for jazz class. Now, ever since I was a wee Asian nailed to a piano bench, Id wished I could play the violin. This sentiment persisted through college, although I always thought, eh, Ill never have time or eh, Ill do it later. Then Stephan started learning the viola under Julias tutelage, and also got a piano, and Harry and Sam came into possession of ukuleles, and Ale found a tenor saxophone on Ebay, so Angela decided to get an accordion, and everyone else felt comfortable enough to dust off their high school instruments again, and I felt comfortable enough to have the following revelation: I pictured myself, 30 years old and alone in a dingy apartment, clad in a bathrobe, surrounded by takeout dinners and bills, with coding as my only hobby other than breathing, mumbling, Eh, Ill do it later. So I dumped the remainder of my IAP paycheck into a violin and an alto sax. At first, I was terrible, but now I am merely bad. On the other hand, life is good. Except for the part where I need to start three final projects. Woe. I turned 21 Finally. and the arts In addition to being the time when the semester really grinds down on us, this is also the time when student groups begin to unveil the performances theyve been working on all semester. Last Saturday, I hit up Grains Of Rice, an annual AAA (Asian American Association) event where tons of Asians from MIT, BU, Harvard, etc, and a professional guest group get together and perform. Grains Of Rice showcases many traditional varieties of entertainment, like taiko drumming, lion dancing, Chinese yoyoing, and cultural dances, but fellow course 6-ers Andrew12 and Jeff12 broke the mold and opened with a rap about Asian-American stereotypes. I dont have a recording of it, but I just so happen to have filmed a music video for them which you can view and share with all your friends (hint, hint) below! Warning: may be extremely offensive to Asians; may be extremely unamusing to non-Asians. This years guest was Kaba Modern, whom you may know from Americas Best Dance Crew, but I missed out because I had to run off to Resonances epic 10th anniversary concert. Okay, there was some quality a cappella, too. Fortunately for a cappella lovers, there are a few more concerts left in the year. This semester, the Chorallaries decided to observe MITs 150th anniversary on their spring concert posters by costuming themselves in styles from different decades, and I got to shoot for them! It turns out theyre as skillful at modeling as they are at keeping four-part harmonies. So if you happened to see a group of barefoot, tie-dyed tree huggers sprawling in front of 77 Mass Ave, or a few dashing gentlemen holding stiff Napoleonesque poses for a daguerreotype, that was just us. MIT hasnt invented time machines yet. (^ click to see the rest of our photoshoot!) Because I hate to end a post without a vague sense of coherency, let me leave you with a general observation: MIT is home to some insanely fun and well-rounded people. via squishable.com And mixing all those people together on the same campus is the perfect recipe for a pretty lively college experience. Where else are you going to make music videos with your complexity theory pset partners while gawking tourists are herded by?

White Trash Primer Essay - 1432 Words

English 112 7 May 2013 The Judgement In the short, personal memoir, â€Å"White Trash Primer,† Lacy M. Johnson talks about a girl’s life from childhood to her early adult life. Johnson begins her piece by talking about the girl’s childhood that seemed like an average childs life growing up in a rural area. This girl grew up in a family where her family was constantly working hard on a farm to get by. As time went on, lifes circumstances changed. The child began to mature and the family was forced to move due to financial problems. From the move, the family went from owning a farm and selling corn and soy beans, to a family that was forced to work at Wal-Mart. Depression eventually takes over the girl’s life and her lifestyle changed†¦show more content†¦Another great thing I took away from reading this memoir is that everyone looks at the same things, but in different ways. For example, the main character in Johnson’s memoir constantly went into Wal-Mart looking for a job. Aft er applying six times, she finally got hired. Some might have seen her as being a pest or an interruption to the other employees, while others saw her as being a determined individual that knew what she wanted. Everyone saw the same lady walking into the store, but all of their impressions were very different. Learning that everyone sees the world in a different manner then led to me wanting to be kind-hearted woman to everyone that I meet. Impressions are everything, so it is better to give a person the benefit of the doubt since their life stories are not revealed at the time they are seen. The last lesson I took away from reading Johnson’s piece is a person can go from living a comfortable life without the amenities, but with all the necessities, to a life where there is nothing at all. There are certain events that happen in your life that can change your life completely. Johnson is not the only person who is extremely satisfied with this piece. Many of her readers feel the same joy. One of her readers by the name of Claudia Rankine writes on an online blog saying: I was riveted by this piece—written with the haunting interiority of poetry and the compelling drive of prose. Much like being caught in a novel byShow MoreRelatedFundamentals of Hrm263904 Words   |  1056 PagesInterview 175 Summary 177 Demonstrating Comprehension: Questions for Review 177 Key Terms 178 179 HRM Workshop DID YOU KNOW?: Training Expenditures 194 Organization Development 195 Change Is a Popular Topic 195 The Calm Waters Metaphor 195 The White-Water Rapids Metaphor 196 Linking Concepts to Practice: Discussion Questions 179 Developing Diagnostic and Analytical Skills 179 Case Application 7: Timing of the Job Offer 179 Working with a Team: Preparing for the Interview 179 Learning an HRMRead MoreDeveloping Management Skills404131 Words   |  1617 Pagesenvironment this way: â€Å"We are in one of those great historical periods that occur every 200 or 300 years when people don’t understand the world anymore, and the past is not sufficient to explain the future.† Almost no one would argue that â€Å"permanent white water† best characterizes our current environment. Almost everything is in flux, from our technology and methods of transacting business to the nature of education and the definition of the family. INTRODUCTION 3 Despite all this change inRead MoreStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 PagesVermont Roger Volkema, American University William Walker, University of Houston Ian Walsh, Boston College Charles F. Warren, Salem State College Christa Washington, Saint Augustine’s College Jim Westerman, Appalachian State University William J. White, Northwestern University David Whitlock, Southwest Baptist University Dan Wiljanen, Grand Valley State University Dean Williamson, Brewton-Parker College Hilda Williamson, Hampton University Alice Wilson, Cedar Crest College Barry Wisdom, Southeast

Upton Sinclair s The Jungle - 1832 Words

America is a great and beautiful country, but the path for us to get where we are today was not easy, but in fact, there lied stories with painful, tears, sadness and beating heart of every soul. We could tell this through our history classes, but to fully understand the feelings and colors of these hard periods, we must learn from the people who lived in those days. And today, we will travel back through time and meet the author of â€Å"The Jungle†, Upton Sinclair, who will help us to open our eyes how everything was chaos and improved in the Progressive Era. And in that book, we can also see many faces and colors of the social American world had back then. Thanks to Upton Sinclair, because he drew a painting about things worked in the Progressive Era, we could imagine how and live back when America was in the Progressive Era. Upton Sinclair was a muckraker who examined the rise of industry and the abuses that had often led to the accumulation of large fortunes. Upton Sincla ir’s book, â€Å"the Jungle†, described the unsanitary practices of the meat-packing industry. Because Upton Sinclair had a very complicated childhood, this allowed him to see the insight of how the poor people and the rich people lived in the late nineteenth century. And living in two social types of family, this affected him, and it lead to great influence to his book. When Upton Sinclair grew up, he developed to so many careers such as: a writer, novelist, journalist,Show MoreRelatedUpton Sinclair s The Jungle1989 Words   |  8 Pagesthe Haitians. Upton Sinclair seemed to have a similar view of the Lithuanian immigrants of the 1800s. Upton Sinclair is the author of The Jungle, a book that follows a family of Lithuanian immigrants as they travel to and try to make their way in America. Sinclair used the book to speak out about the issues of America through the eyes of immigrants, including the economic system and the corruption within the government. The question t his paper is required to answer is if Upton Sinclair adequately portrayedRead MoreUpton Sinclair s The Jungle1438 Words   |  6 PagesThe Jungle and Today Upton Sinclair’s novel, The Jungle, follows the life of Jurgis Rudkus, his Lithuanian family, and friends who all recently immigrated to Chicago in search of a better life. Jurgis, Ona, and the rest of their family find jobs in Packington, the meatpacking industry of Chicago. Quickly they discover the difficulties of surviving in the United States during the early 1900’s through financial troubles, unreliable work, illness, and swindling. Through his novel, Sinclair exploitsRead MoreUpton Sinclair s The Jungle1843 Words   |  8 Pagesfamous people inspire authors to write books written about their achievements, however Upton Sinclair Junior did it backwards. Some of his ninety novels including an autobiography, and in particular The Jungle, changed America forever by using fictitious stories to depict the present issues at that time. Upton Sinclair was an author and activist in the early to mid 1900’s who was passionate about issues involving women s rights, w orking conditions, and the unemployed. He wrote over ninety books in hisRead MoreUpton Sinclair s The Jungle Essay1678 Words   |  7 Pagesbetter life. However, this â€Å"better life† was not just given upon arrival, immigrants were not told the horrid experiences, and backbreaking hour, they would face in search for a better life. There is no better representation of this than Upton Sinclair’s The Jungle, this book is a very accurate representation of the life of the vast majority of people within the United States. During the time when this book was written there were few jobs, and the jobs that were obtainable were mostly factory jobsRead MoreUpton Sinclair s The Jungle2164 Words   |  9 Pagesthose at the top succeed with abundance at the severe expense of those left with nothing at the bottom. The book’s author, Upton Sinclair, sought to show America the cost of its capitalist system. Born into a poor family with wealthy relatives, Sinclair was aware o f social and economic disparity in America from a young age (The Jungle v). The Jungle is the result of Upton Sinclair working undercover for seven weeks in Chicago’s meatpacking industry in 1904, as well as the socialist sentiments whichRead MoreUpton Sinclair s The Jungle1536 Words   |  7 PagesThe Jungle Upton Sinclair, an American writer and reformer, was born on September 20, 1878, in Baltimore, Maryland. Both of Sinclair’s parents came from prominent families, but Sinclair grew up impoverished because of an alcoholic father. Throughout his childhood, Sinclair lived in conditions that varied from slums to country homes but sometimes his father would spend all the family’s money on alcohol forcing Sinclair and his mother to live with his mother’s wealthy sister in order to surviveRead MoreUpton Sinclair s The Jungle1630 Words   |  7 PagesWritten at the turn of the 20th century, Upton Sinclair’s The Jungle took place in an era of unprecedented advancement in civilization where the American economy had risen to become one of the wealthiest on the planet. However, Sinclair asserts that the rise of capitalist America resulted in the virulent corruption and competition that plighted society into an untamed â€Å"jungle.† Shown by the corruption o f the Chicago meatpacking industry, Sinclair highlights the repulsive filth of human greed thatRead MoreUpton Sinclair s The Jungle Essay1471 Words   |  6 PagesUpton Sinclair took interest in fiction at an early age by writing fiction stories as a young boy to writing adventure stories and jokes to help support himself through college. He was the winner of the Pulitzer Prize for Fiction in 1943 and focused on writing fiction stories about real world industrialist views. Upton Sinclair’s fiction â€Å"The Jungle† entwines the reality of the dangerous and legal conditions of meat industry workers and consumers in Chicago while narrating the lower-class lifestyleRead MoreUpton Sinclair s The Jungle986 Words   |  4 PagesUpton Sinclair’s The Jungle is an unashamed example of the journalistic style known as muckraking. Sinclair researched the conditions being fought against during the Progressive Era and painted a picture in literary form for the ignorant read ers. The consumerism that taped into the greed of industrialists is drawn out many times. This greed, in turn, drove down the American Standard of living in almost every aspect. With every corner of hope demolished, a path was laid out for all to follow, theRead MoreAnalysis Of Upton Sinclair s The Jungle 2028 Words   |  9 Pagesâ€Å"I aimed for the public’s hearts, and by accident I hit it in the stomach.† This quote was in response to the reaction of Upton Sinclair’s ground breaking exposà ©, â€Å"The Jungle†. On February 26, 1906 Sinclair shocked the Nation by exposing the horrors of slaughter houses and meat packing plants. Thousands of people have died from food-borne illnesses. E-coli, along with other diseases resulting from filthy food processing was revealed as the murderer. As shocking as it might have been back then

The Gathering Free Essays

For this essay I’ll be dicussing about Indian(Frank) and Danny. The Gathering novel is about how five kids whom chose to fight against evil spreading around Cheshunt. These five kids need to win the battle against the Kraken but to do that they need to discover more about themselves. We will write a custom essay sample on The Gathering or any similar topic only for you Order Now The warning that Lallindra(Lallie) told Indian to heed was,†only a wound brought into light can be healed. That which is hidden will in darkness fester.† In the novel when Indian was seven Indian’s mother left him to look after his little sister Jenny. She was five. He was watching her play on some swings when some older kids came and started calling him names. Indian fought with them and won but while fighting he did not notice his sister had climbed to the top of the slide. She slipped and hit her head, she was in coma for a week and when she woke up Jenny wasn’t the same, she used to smile and laugh but now she doesn’t smile or look at you. Indian felt he killed her but her body was left behind. He never told his Mother about the truth of that day. Indian feels guilty for not taking care of his little sister and not telling his Mother about the truth of what happened, now Indian does not fight back because he feels he deserve to be hurt he feels its his punishment. Indian’s guiltiness is a wound and when he brought it to light by telling his mom what happen, Indian’s mom forgave him and does not blame him for what happened to Jenny. Danny Odin was a victim of police sodomy many years ago. Later the saying â€Å"Power corrupts, and absolute power corrupts absolutely† is aptly used in reference to the story, which involved police officers letting savage dogs loose on Danny to force him to give them information that was false. For a while after that he felt scared that a police could do anything to him and no one could do anything. He went mad for a while and he had to go to a sanitorium. The only reason he could come out was because he told them he made the whole thing up. After that one of the police officers that had attacked him visit Danny’s school for a talk to improve citizen-authority relations, at the end of which the officer gave Danny a wink .Danny then realised nothing was going to make it right. Nothing made sense but survival and justice. Right and wrong, it was all lies that people made up. This quote and the opinion expressed in it is somewhat jarring with the rest of the novel’s message, as it flatly denies the existence of both good and evil. The theory is, however, later rebuffed by the very same character that put it forward, as it doesn’t make sense in the context of the novel thought by Nathanial, â€Å"You could tell he really believed that but there was something wrong about what he was, saying. Something that didn’t jell.† And he thought of Lallie’s warning to Danny. She had told him not to let the dark flame of the past consume the future. That’s about right winning out over wrong.’ Danny told Nathanial. Danny has to forget the past. The Gathering is more than novel triumph of good over evil, it is also a novel about self discovery. All the Chain members in The Gathering had expierienced terrible things that they need to over come to win the battle against the dark because everything that happen in Cheshunt is related to everything else because it come from a sort of core. The place where evil bruised earth. The earth that sorrows. How to cite The Gathering, Essay examples

Advice to a Black Schoolgirl free essay sample

The Progressive age lasted from 1890s all the way to the 1920’s. The progressive age is a time of great depression and great hardship. During this time there was a lot of discrimination towards people of different races and low rights for women. There were promises made for the African Americans by the president, those promises were broke. With the writing during the progressive age is very enlightening due to the fact of the matter it is all about the wanting and needing of rights towards women and towards African Americans. Progressive Age is all about getting towards a better life style and becoming equal for everyone. A lot of changes have been made since the progressive age such as greater equality for African Americans and women both, also there is a lot more freedom for everyone. Many of the readings in â€Å"The American Reader: Words That Move a Nation† by Diane Ravitch, Progressive Age segment paints a picture of how life use to be back many years ago. W. E. B. Du Bois wrote a very enlightening letter directed towards an African American girl about furthering her education called â€Å"Advise to a Schoolgirl† (378). This letter can paint a picture of how scared African Americans are because of all of the prejudice towards them. Du Bois born in 1868 in Great Barrington, Massachusetts went on and achieved his Ph. D. AT Harvard after attending Fish University. Ravitch states that Du Bois is â€Å"the most influential black intellectual in the first half of the twentieth century. † He published his most famous book in 1903 called The Souls of Black Folk, which got people’s attention about the big problem in the early twentieth century. Between 1910 and 1934 Du Bois was an editor of The Crisis a magazine from the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People. On January 7, 1905 Du Bois replies to a letter that he received from a white high school teacher from Berwyn, Pennsylvania. The letter that Du Bois received about a young African American girl, Vernealla, that is extremely smart and has the idea that she is not smart enough to further her education. The thesis statement in the letter is that she will never be as great as she can be if she does not apply herself. With many writings during the Progressive Age it shows the many hardships that were faced during the time. In Advice to a Black Schoolgirl it shows that many African Americans did not have the chance to further their academics by going to college and being a woman during that time made the opportunity even harder. This letter is about a young African American girl that has exponential chance in furthering her schooling and is afraid to take it because of the discrimination during that time. Du Bois tries to tell her that she should take the chance by saying, â€Å"There are in the U. Today tens of thousands of colored girls who would be happy beyond measures to have the chance of educating themselves that you are neglecting. † Which is expressing his frustration that she is refusing to see the chance that many others would give anything to obtain. In the statement â€Å". . . every time a colored person neglects an opportunity, it makes it more difficult for others of the race to get such an opportunity†, he is trying to explain to Vernealla that it is people like her that can help the cause of stopping discrimination and is something that other girls will look up to. If she decides to go against her views and realize that she has the ability to help other girls make the same choice. Other girls will view her as a role model and Du Bois is trying to give her some encouragement to do what most people are afraid to do. WRITING STYLE: Unlike many of Du Bois’s other writings, this a short direct letter to Vernealla. This letter is very informal due to the fact it is directed to one person and not for audience. He does start off with a rhetorical question, â€Å"I wonder if you will let a stranger say a word to you about yourself? † In some ways this letter is directed to her in guilt that she is not taking advantage of the opportunity of furthering her education in ways most African American women cannot. Conclusion: Even though the Progressive age has a lot of different meanings too it, to some people it used to be a time of struggle for society issues and to others it was a time of economic trouble due to classes. With all of those negative issues people still managed to stay positive through it. African Americans were viewed as second class citizens, even though the time of slavery was over racism and inequality was still very prevalent. African Americans were not allowed to use the same bathroom, same water sink, and in some cases they were not even allowed to be patrons at the same restaurant as white people. The Progressive Age is a time that we will see African Americans stick up for what they believe is wrong and should change, also it is a time that they become more than second class citizens. African Americans have come a long way over the years but just like women they did not have many rights. When an African American women has the chance to further her education because multiple people can see her potential really puts a strain on them during this time frame. The fear that white people have intoed on African Americans is shameful. America today with this issue is not the same because African Americans are free to do whatever they please, and unlike the progressive age hold a high position in a job setting, also they attend college.

Henry Iv Part 1 Essay Research Paper free essay sample

Henry Iv: Part 1 Essay, Research Paper Explore the different father/son relationships in Henry IV, Part 1 ; demo how these contrasting relationships contribute to the dramas thoughts and dramatic tenseness. The chief thoughts of the drama are salvation, honor, what it required to be an ideal King, and the waywardness of young person. It is through contrasting of the different father/ boy relationships that we can see these thoughts taking signifier. The chief thoughts within the drama are all apparent within the relationship between the King and Prince but merely become clear when contrasted with the other similar relationships within the drama. The relationship between Hal and his male parent can be typified by the all excessively familiar tradition of striplings arising against authorization, which in this instance is his male parent, the King. Hal s turning away of all public duty, and his affinity with the Boar s Head Tavern in Eastcheap, causes great concern for the King. We will write a custom essay sample on Henry Iv Part 1 Essay Research Paper or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page This bitterness towards his male parent appears to stem from his Debt he had neer promised ( Act 1, Scene 1, Line 207 ) , his accident of birth go forthing him with the immense duty of being the hereafter King of England. The King believes he has done England a honorable title by deriving the throne from Richard II and is entirely cognizant that to keep order, a swayer and inheritor to the throne needs to be both responsible and honorable, something that Hal is judged by his male parent to miss, public violence and dishonor stain the forehead of my immature Harry ( Act 1, Scene 1, line 84 ) . The King even testifies to his cousin Westmorland that he would instead merchandise Hal for Hotspur, the boy of the Earl of Northumberland, confiding that Hotspur is the subject of honours lingua ( Act 1, Scene 1, line 80 ) , therefore puting both Hotspur and his boy in resistance with the purpose of startling Hal into action and set abouting his function as prince of the kingdom. Shakespeare uses the first meeting between the King and Hal to exemplify the subjects of honor and salvation. At the beginning of this Act 3 scene 2, Shakespeare clears the other characters from the phase, escalating the first meeting between the contrary boy and his dissatisfied male parent. The King Begins by demoing great letdown in Hal, inquiring whether he is the consequence of any displeasing service I have done to God ( Act 3, Scene 2, line 5 ) . King Henry is distressed by the consequence the people Hal surrounds himself with are holding on his deluxe image: Could such inordinate and low desires, Such hapless, such bare, such lewd, such average effort, such waste pleasances, ill-mannered society as there art matched withal # 8230 ; # 8230 ; # 8230 ; .. Accompany the illustriousness of thy blood ( Act 3, Scene 2, line 12 ) Transporting on with the same subject, the King voices his displeasure at Hal s behavior by saying that due to his absence from the council, thy topographic point in council 1000 hast impolitely lost, which by thy younger brother is supplied ( Act 3, Scene 2, line 32 ) , something which had neer happened before to Princes of my blood ( Act 3, Scene 2 line 35 ) . The King further underscoring the loss of regard from his people saying the psyche of every adult male Prophetically do forethink thy autumn ( Act 3, Scene 2, line 37 ) , and Hotspur hath more worthy involvement to the province than 1000, the shadow of sequence ( Act 3, Scene 2, line 98 ) . Henry so illustrates Hal s unequal claim for the throne through a comparing with Hotspur, explicating that Hotspur: leads ancient Godheads and reverend bishops on to bloody conflicts, and to bruised weaponries. What never-dying honor hath he got Against renowned Douglas! ( Act 3, Scene 2, line 104 ) Hal, vexed after hearing such derogative remarks is spurred into an emotional answer. He pleads to his male parent that he has misjudged him, for the histories of his behavior were genuinely overdone. Hal s passionate supplication confirms his trueness to his male parent and that he is willing to give up his Eastcheap friends and deliver his tarnished repute, by get the better ofing Hotspur in one-to-one combat: Do non believe it so. You shall non happen it so And God forgive them so much have swayed Your majesty s good ideas off from me. I will deliver all this on Percy s caput, # 8230 ; # 8230 ; # 8230 ; . And that shall be the twenty-four hours, whene er it lights, That this same kid of honor and fame, This gallant Hotspur, this all- praised Knight, And your unhoped Harry opportunity to run into ( Act 3, Scene 2, line 129 and 138 ) Its is Hal s reproof of his male parents remarks that helps animate him to take the concluding stairss towards his transmutation, and carry throughing another subject of the drama, salvation. Another subject from the relationship between Hal and King Henry is that of what is required to be an ideal King. It is the remarks he makes sing Hal s public character in comparing to his ain. The King uses the imagination of a fathead in June to demo that Prince Hal is heard, non regarded, seen, but with such eyes, as ill and blunted with community ( Scene 3, Act 2, line 76 ) , in contrast to how a King should be, like a comet I was wondered at ( Act 3, Scene 2, line 47 ) he had to maintain his public image fresh and new, my presence like a robe papal ( Scene 3, Act 2, line 55 ) . It is through the King s relationship with his other boy we can see his ideals in action. John of Lancaster, Hal s younger brother, appears in the tribunal scene in Act 1 Scene 1. Here we see the King turn toing his Godheads about the current rebellion and how it has postponed the pilgrims journey that had been planned. We see the King naming upon his Godheads in bend to talk, but we neer see any hint of a father/ boy relationship between John and King Henry, infact there is no communicating between the brace until Act 4 Scene 4, in the conflict between the Rebels and the King s ground forcess. The King, demoing concern for Hal, asks him to retreat thyself, thou bleedest excessively much and so with the formal reference he may of used in the King s Court, orders Lord John of Lancaster, travel you with him. A contrast with this attitude towards paternity can be seen between the relationship between Henry Percy and Hotspur. Where Henry will merely uncloak his true ego to his boies when it is most necessary, Henry Percy immediately shows more concern for his boy. Hotspur as his name may connote is really hot headed. In Act 1 Scene 3, Hotspur is called upon to support himself for non passing over all his captives to the King. When the King foliages Hotspur is seen to lose his calm and do clear his purpose of rebelliousness: And if the Satan semen and boom for them I will non direct them. I will after heterosexual And state him so, for I will ease my bosom, Albeit I make a jeopardy of my caput. His male parent rather concerned at his boy being Drunk with Choler asks him to remain and hesitate awhile ( Act 1, Scene 3, line 126 ) . This evidently shows a greater trade of understanding between the brace. Henry Percy clearly cognizant of his boies stormy nature efforts to pacify him, demoing a greater trade of familiarity and apprehension of his boy than the King and his boies, with whom he prefers to have on the mask of kingship. So it is within the relationship between Prince Hal and King Henry that the subjects of honor, salvation, and function of the male monarch are presented to us within the drama, and they do go clearer when really contrasted with the other similar relationships between King Henry and Lord John, and Harry Hotspu R and Henry Percy. Explore the different father/son relationships in Henry IV, Part 1 ; demo how these contrasting relationships contribute to the dramas thoughts and dramatic tenseness. The chief thoughts of the drama are salvation, honor, what it required to be an ideal King, and the waywardness of young person. It is through contrasting of the different father/ boy relationships that we can see these thoughts taking signifier. The chief thoughts within the drama are all apparent within the relationship between the King and Prince but merely become clear when contrasted with the other similar relationships within the drama. The relationship between Hal and his male parent can be typified by the all excessively familiar tradition of striplings arising against authorization, which in this instance is his male parent, the King. Hal s turning away of all public duty, and his affinity with the Boar s Head Tavern in Eastcheap, causes great concern for the King. This bitterness towards his male parent appears to stem from his Debt he had neer promised ( Act 1, Scene 1, Line 207 ) , his accident of birth go forthing him with the immense duty of being the hereafter King of England. The King believes he has done England a honorable title by deriving the throne from Richard II and is entirely cognizant that to keep order, a swayer and inheritor to the throne needs to be both responsible and honorable, something that Hal is judged by his male parent to miss, public violence and dishonor stain the forehead of my immature Harry ( Act 1, Scene 1, line 84 ) . The King even testifies to his cousin Westmorland that he wo uld instead merchandise Hal for Hotspur, the boy of the Earl of Northumberland, confiding that Hotspur is the subject of honours lingua ( Act 1, Scene 1, line 80 ) , therefore puting both Hotspur and his boy in resistance with the purpose of startling Hal into action and set abouting his function as prince of the kingdom. Shakespeare uses the first meeting between the King and Hal to exemplify the subjects of honor and salvation. At the beginning of this Act 3 scene 2, Shakespeare clears the other characters from the phase, escalating the first meeting between the contrary boy and his dissatisfied male parent. The King Begins by demoing great letdown in Hal, inquiring whether he is the consequence of any displeasing service I have done to God ( Act 3, Scene 2, line 5 ) . King Henry is distressed by the consequence the people Hal surrounds himself with are holding on his deluxe image: Could such inordinate and low desires, Such hapless, such bare, such lewd, such average effort, such waste pleasances, ill-mannered society as there art matched withal # 8230 ; # 8230 ; # 8230 ; .. Accompany the illustriousness of thy blood ( Act 3, Scene 2, line 12 ) Transporting on with the same subject, the King voices his displeasure at Hal s behavior by saying that due to his absence from the council, thy topographic point in council 1000 hast impolitely lost, which by thy younger brother is supplied ( Act 3, Scene 2, line 32 ) , something which had neer happened before to Princes of my blood ( Act 3, Scene 2 line 35 ) . The King further underscoring the loss of regard from his people saying the psyche of every adult male Prophetically do forethink thy autumn ( Act 3, Scene 2, line 37 ) , and Hotspur hath more worthy involvement to the province than 1000, the shadow of sequence ( Act 3, Scene 2, line 98 ) . Henry so illustrates Hal s unequal claim for the throne through a comparing with Hotspur, explicating that Hotspur: leads ancient Godheads and reverend bishops on to bloody conflicts, and to bruised weaponries. What never-dying honor hath he got Against renowned Douglas! ( Act 3, Scene 2, line 104 ) Hal, vexed after hearing such derogative remarks is spurred into an emotional answer. He pleads to his male parent that he has misjudged him, for the histories of his behavior were genuinely overdone. Hal s passionate supplication confirms his trueness to his male parent and that he is willing to give up his Eastcheap friends and deliver his tarnished repute, by get the better ofing Hotspur in one-to-one combat: Do non believe it so. You shall non happen it so And God forgive them so much have swayed Your majesty s good ideas off from me. I will deliver all this on Percy s caput, # 8230 ; # 8230 ; # 8230 ; . And that shall be the twenty-four hours, whene er it lights, That this same kid of honor and fame, This gallant Hotspur, this all- praised Knight, And your unhoped Harry opportunity to run into ( Act 3, Scene 2, line 129 and 138 ) Its is Hal s reproof of his male parents remarks that helps animate him to take the concluding stairss towards his transmutation, and carry throughing another subject of the drama, salvation. Another subject from the relationship between Hal and King Henry is that of what is required to be an ideal King. It is the remarks he makes sing Hal s public character in comparing to his ain. The King uses the imagination of a fathead in June to demo that Prince Hal is heard, non regarded, seen, but with such eyes, as ill and blunted with community ( Scene 3, Act 2, line 76 ) , in contrast to how a King should be, like a comet I was wondered at ( Act 3, Scene 2, line 47 ) he had to maintain his public image fresh and new, my presence like a robe papal ( Scene 3, Act 2, line 55 ) . It is through the King s relationship with his other boy we can see his ideals in action. John of Lancaster, Hal s younger brother, appears in the tribunal scene in Act 1 Scene 1. Here we see the King turn toing his Godheads about the current rebellion and how it has postponed the pilgrims journey that had been planned. We see the King naming upon his Godheads in bend to talk, but we neer see any hint of a father/ boy relationship between John and King Henry, infact there is no communicating between the brace until Act 4 Scene 4, in the conflict between the Rebels and the King s ground forcess. The King, demoing concern for Hal, asks him to retreat thyself, thou bleedest excessively much and so with the formal reference he may of used in the King s Court, orders Lord John of Lancaster, travel you with him. A contrast with this attitude towards paternity can be seen between the relationship between Henry Percy and Hotspur. Where Henry will merely uncloak his true ego to his boies when it is most necessary, Henry Percy immediately shows more concern for his boy. Hotspur as his name may connote is really hot headed. In Act 1 Scene 3, Hotspur is called upon to support himself for non passing over all his captives to the King. When the King foliages Hotspur is seen to lose his calm and do clear his purpose of rebelliousness: And if the Satan semen and boom for them I will non direct them. I will after heterosexual And state him so, for I will ease my bosom, Albeit I make a jeopardy of my caput. His male parent rather concerned at his boy being Drunk with Choler asks him to remain and hesitate awhile ( Act 1, Scene 3, line 126 ) . This evidently shows a greater trade of understanding between the brace. Henry Percy clearly cognizant of his boies stormy nature efforts to pacify him, demoing a greater trade of familiarity and apprehension of his boy than the King and his boies, with whom he prefers to have on the mask of kingship. So it is within the relationship between Prince Hal and King Henry that the subjects of honor, salvation, and function of the male monarch are presented to us within the drama, and they do go clearer when really contrasted with the other similar relationships between King Henry and Lord John, and Harry Hotspur and Henry Percy.

Biography of Mark Twain

Biography of Mark Twain Mark Twain, born Samuel Langhorne Clemens Nov. 30, 1835 in the small town of Florida, MO, and raised in Hannibal, became one of the greatest American authors of all time. Known for his sharp wit and pithy commentary on society, politics, and the human condition, his many essays and novels, including the American classic,The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, are a testament to his intelligence and insight. Using humor and satire to soften the edges of his keen observations and critiques, he revealed in his writing some of the injustices and absurdities of society and human existence, his own included. He was a humorist, writer, publisher, entrepreneur, lecturer, iconic celebrity (who always wore white at his lectures), political satirist, and social progressive. He died on April 21, 1910 when Halley’s Comet was again visible in the night sky, as lore would have it, just as it had been when he was born 75 years earlier. Wryly and presciently, Twain had said, â€Å"I came in with Halleys Comet in 1835. It is coming again next year (1910), and I expect to go out with it. It will be the greatest disappointment of my life if I dont go out with Halleys Comet. The Almighty has said, no doubt: Now here are these two unaccountable freaks; they came in together, they must go out together.†   Twain died of a heart attack one day after the Comet appeared its brightest in 1910. A complex, idiosyncratic person, he never liked to be introduced by someone else when lecturing, preferring instead to introduce himself as he did when beginning the following lecture, â€Å"Our Fellow Savages of the Sandwich Islands† in 1866: â€Å"Ladies and gentlemen: The next lecture in this course will be delivered this evening, by Samuel L. Clemens, a gentleman whose high character and unimpeachable integrity are only equalled by his comeliness of person and grace of manner. And I am the man! I was obliged to excuse the chairman from introducing me, because he never compliments anybody and I knew I could do it just as well.† Twain was   a complicated mixture of southern boy and western ruffian striving to fit into elite Yankee culture. He wrote in his speech, Plymouth Rock and the Pilgrims,1881: â€Å"I am a border-ruffian from the State of Missouri. I am a Connecticut Yankee by adoption. In me, you have Missouri morals, Connecticut culture; this, gentlemen, is the combination which makes the perfect man.† Growing up in Hannibal, Missouri had a lasting influence on Twain, and working as a steamboat captain for several years before the Civil War was one of his greatest pleasures. While riding the steamboat he would observe the many passengers, learning much about their character and affect. His time working as a miner and a journalist in Nevada and California during the 1860s introduced him to the rough and tumble ways of the west, which is where, Feb. 3, 1863, he first used the pen name, Mark Twain, when writing one of his humorous essays for the Virginia City Territorial Enterprise in Nevada. Mark Twain was a riverboat term that means two fathoms, the point at which it is safe for the boat to navigate the waters. It seems that when Samuel Clemens adopted this pen name he also adopted another persona - a persona that represented the outspoken commoner, poking fun at the aristocrats in power, while Samuel Clemens, himself, strove to be one of them. Twain got his first big break as a writer in 1865 with an article about life in a mining camp, called Jim Smiley and His Jumping Frog, also called The Celebrated Jumping Frog of Calaveras County. It was very favorably received and printed in newspapers and magazines all over the country. From there he received other jobs, sent to Hawaii, and then to Europe and the Holy Land as a travel writer. Out of these travels he wrote the book, The Innocents Abroad, in 1869, which became a bestseller. His books and essays were generally so well-regarded that he started lecturing and promoting them, becoming popular both as a writer and a speaker. When he married Olivia Langdon in 1870, he married into a wealthy family from Elmira, New York and moved east to Buffalo, NY and then to Hartford, CT where he collaborated with the Hartford Courant Publisher to co-write The Gilded Age, a satirical novel about greed and corruption among the wealthy after the Civil War. Ironically, this was also the society to which he aspired and gained entry. But Twain had his share of losses, too - loss of fortune investing in failed inventions (and failing to invest in successful ones such as Alexander Graham Bell’s telephone), and the deaths of people he loved, such as his younger brother in a riverboat accident, for which he felt responsible, and several of his children and his beloved wife. Although Twain survived, thrived, and made a living out of humor, his humor was borne out of sorrow, a complicated view of life, an understanding of life’s contradictions, cruelties, and absurdities.   As he once said, â€Å"There is no laughter in heaven.†Ã‚   HUMOR Mark Twain’s style of humor was wry, pointed, memorable, and delivered in a slow drawl. Twain’s humor carried on the tradition of humor of the Southwest, consisting of tall tales, myths, and frontier sketches, informed by his experiences growing up in Hannibal, MO, as a steamboat pilot on the Mississippi River, and as a gold miner and journalist in Nevada and California. In 1863 Mark Twain attended in Nevada the lecture of Artemus Ward (pseudonym of Charles Farrar Browne,1834-1867), one of America’s best-known humorists of the 19th century. They became friends, and Twain learned much from him about how to make people laugh. Twain believed that how a story was told was what made it funny   - repetition, pauses, and an air of naivety. In his essay How to Tell a Story Twain says, â€Å"There are several kinds of stories, but only one difficult kind- the humorous. I will talk mainly about that one.† He describes what makes a story funny, and what distinguishes the American story from that of the English or French; namely that the American story is humorous, the English is comic, and the French is witty. He explains how they differ: â€Å"The humorous story depends for its effect upon the manner of the telling; the comic story and the witty story upon the matter. The humorous story may be spun out to great length, and may wander around as much as it pleases, and arrive nowhere in particular; but the comic and witty stories must be brief and end with a point. The humorous story bubbles gently along, the others burst. The humorous story is strictly a work of art, - high and delicate art, - and only an artist can tell it; but no art is necessary in telling the comic and the witty story; anybody can do it. The art of telling a humorous story - - understand, I mean by word of mouth, not print - was created in America, and has remained at home.† Other important characteristics of a good humorous story, according to Twain, include the following: A humorous story is told gravely, as though there is nothing funny about it.The story is told wanderingly and the point is â€Å"slurred.†A â€Å"studied remark† is made as if without even knowing it, â€Å"as if one were thinking aloud.†The pause: â€Å"The pause is an exceedingly important feature in any kind of story, and a frequently recurring feature, too. It is a dainty thing, and delicate, and also uncertain and treacherous; for it must be exactly the right lengthno more and no less- or it fails of its purpose and makes trouble. If the pause is too short the impressive point is passed, and the audience have had time to divine that a surprise is intended- and then you cant surprise them, of course.† Twain believed in telling a story in an understated way, almost as if he was letting his audience in on a secret. He cites a story, The Wounded Soldier, as an example and to explain the difference in the different manners of storytelling, explaining that:   Ã¢â‚¬Å"The American would conceal the fact that he even dimly suspects that there is anything funny about it†¦. the American tells it in a ‘rambling and disjointed’ fashion and pretends that he does not know that it is funny at all,† whereas â€Å"The European ‘tells you beforehand that it is one of the funniest things he has ever heard, then tells it with eager delight, and is the first person to laugh when he gets through.† †¦.†All of which,† Mark Twain sadly comments, â€Å"is very depressing, and makes one want to renounce joking and lead a better life.† Twain’s folksy, irreverent, understated style of humor, use of vernacular language, and seemingly forgetful rambling prose and strategic pauses drew his audience in, making them seem smarter than he. His intelligent satirical wit, impeccable timing, and ability to subtly poke fun at both himself and the elite made him accessible to a wide audience, and made him one of the most successful comedians of his time and one that has had a lasting influence on future comics and humorists. Humor was absolutely essential to Mark Twain, helping him navigate life just as he learned to navigate the Mississippi when a young man, reading the depths and nuances of the human condition like he learned to see the subtleties and complexities of the river beneath its surface. He learned to create humor out of confusion and absurdity, bringing laughter into the lives of others as well. He once said, â€Å"Against the assault of laughter nothing can stand.† MARK TWAIN PRIZE Twain was much admired during his lifetime and recognized as an American icon. A   prize created in his honor, The Mark Twain Prize for American Humor, the nation’s top comedy honor, has been given annually since 1998 to â€Å"people who have had an impact on American society in ways similar to the distinguished 19th century novelist and essayist best known as Mark Twain.† Previous recipients of the prize have included some of the most notable humorists of our time. The 2017 prizewinner is David Letterman, who according to Dave Itzkoff, New York Times writer, â€Å"Like Mark Twain †¦distinguished himself as a cockeyed, deadpan observer of American behavior and, later in life, for his prodigious and distinctive facial hair. Now the two satirists share a further connection.† One can only wonder what remarks Mark Twain would make today about our government, ourselves, and the absurdities of our world. But undoubtedly they would be insightful and humorous to help us â€Å"stand against the assault† and perhaps even give us pause. RESOURCES AND FURTHER READING Burns, Ken, Ken Burns Mark Twain Part I, https://www.youtube.com/watch?vVs, https://amphilsoc.org/sites/default/files/proceedings/150305.pdfMoss, Walter, Mark Twain’s Progressive and Prophetic Political Humor, http://hollywoodprogressive.com/mark-twain/The Mark Twain House and Museum, https://www.marktwainhouse.org/man/biography_main.php For Teachers: Learn More About Mark Twain, PBS, pbs.org/marktwain/learnmore/index.htmlLesson 1: Mark Twain and American Humor, National Endowment for the Humanities, https://edsitement.neh.gov/lesson-plan/mark-twain-and-american-humor#sect-introductionLesson Plan | Mark Twain and the Mark Twain Prize for American Humor, WGBH, PBS, https://mass.pbslearningmedia.org/resource/773460a8-d817-4fbd-9c1e-15656712348e/lesson-plan-mark-twain-and-the-mark-twain-prize-for-american-humor/#.WT2Y_DMfn-Y

PROJECT MANAGEMENT - TASK 2 Summary Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

PROJECT MANAGEMENT - TASK 2 Summary - Essay Example The roles of the team manager and those of the team tend to be different in each project, especially so in creative projects like this one. The current level of engagement with projects has fuelled concerns that Project Management (PM) is becoming an increasingly complex discipline. Lack of clarity is probably among the major causes why projects fail. This vagueness ultimately results in missed deadlines, confusion among team members and costs going way over the top. It was my job as team manager to confront and eliminate them. The problems were partly due to an improper understanding of what projects were. A project is a series of tasks executed as part of a temporary undertaking to help create a service or product, which is unique in nature. The endeavour is temporary owing to the fact that the team members will disperse and then be involved in other projects. The time bound nature of the project made it very critical that we had no cost overruns and I had to have an ongoing perspective on the planning and implementation. Any spillage of resources would have diluted the objective. This time around, I felt that the event we were involved with was vital in its outcome. The funds raised were to be directed for the construction of orphanages. Moreover, the project was our responsibility till the end. The connections to be made on the way were several in numbers making it necessary for us to be in control of the project from the beginning. Eventually these techniques, which I considered appropriate to the outcome, were accepted by a senior management team. The idea was to smoothly control the three elements of tasks, resources, and time. (Turner, 2000) The following sections are a critical look at the tools used: Value Tree or Work Breakdown Structure (WBS) In discussions with team members, I noticed that WBS as a monitoring tool was not taken seriously enough by those entrusted with project execution. However, I can confidently claim now that WBS aligned with Value Tree has contributed tremendously to our recent fundraiser music show staged for a charity. However, initially there were difficulties in perception and the following is a note on the progress to final adoption of this analytical process culminating in our huge success. (Stainton, 1999) The Problem Value Management was perceived by my team to be peripheral to the core activity. The technique is actually employed in the early stages of a project so that preparations lead to the proper

Oil Industry Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Oil Industry - Essay Example The factors that lead to affect the demand for oil include the cyclical demand, the prices of the substitutes, changes in climate and the market speculation. When there is an increase in the prices of oil the demand remains constant. A very large change in the price of oil leads to a very minute impact on the demand and therefore the short-term demand curve is shown like this: The supply of the conventional oil is relatively inelastic. This is so because the actual total cost of pumping the marginal barrel of the oil is comparatively low, once all capital expenses of building and prospecting an oil rig has been established. The oilfield will always cost the same roughly to operate whether producing at full capacity or at 50 percent capacity but in most cases the producers try their best to produce at the maximum sustainable rate. The short-run supply of oil is affected by the profit motive, spare capacity, stocks available for the immediate supply especially from the oil refineries and the external shocks (Zucchetto, 2006, p.45). The result of the demand and supply trends is that the oil market is affected and operates at a point where the small changes either to the supply curve or to the demand curve usually causes very large changes in the clearing price. The high demand of oil matched against the inelastic oil short run supply drive the market prices higher as depicted by the diagram below. A rise in demand causes a decrease in oil stocks at the main global refineries and forces the prices higher. It acts as an indicator to suppliers to increase production. There are time lags amid a change in price and the extra supply coming on stream. The demand for the oil is price inelastic. The combination of an inelastic supply and demand helps to clarify some of the instability in world oil prices (The Economist Newspaper Ltd, 2004, pp.8378-8381). Adding new capacity is expensive and time-consuming. Over time, both the businesses and the individuals have their ways of cutting back the oil consumption due to the high prices; this promotes new investments in production and the discovery of new sources of the market. This gradually restores the supply-demand balance. Changes in the supply curve can be caused by some restrictions on the supply made by the sellers' cartels. An example is the oil shocks of 1973 where OPEC announced that it would not sell any more oil to the US and would limit the overall oil output. This in turn meant that for a given price level, the oil supplied would be less because the supply curve shifts upwards. The changes on the supply caused by natural factors like the Hurricane Katrina which totally knocked out the production of oil in the Gulf of Mexico. The supply curve is shifted to the left and therefore the prices rise. An increase in the market due to some emerging markets causes the demand curve t o move to the right such that for any level of price given, the more the oil is demanded. In the long run the demand and the supply of oil is remarkably elastic, there is no over supply or under supply it is only the price at which the market clears. A high oil price in the long run encourages the consumers

Business Opportunities In Ethiopia Economics Essay

Business Opportunities In Ethiopia Economics Essay As there are lot of business opportunities in Ethiopia in different sectors, as it is not possible to address all of them. But try to concentrate and search opportunities on some of basic and important business sectors for foreign investors 3.1 Business Opportunities in Manufacturing Sector The manufacturing sector plays an important role in economy of Ethiopia it has almost a share of 5% of GDP and 37.8% to the annual output value of industrial production in 2008/09 (Central Statistical Agency Statistical Abstract 2009). The important manufacturing sectors in Ethiopia are  production of food, beverages, tobacco, textiles and garments, leather goods, paper, metallic and non-metallic mineral products, cement and chemicals.  The production of textile and garments, leather products and agro-processing are one of the most important areas for investment, because of its geographical advantage of easy and fast access to Middle-East and Europe. In manufacturing section we discussed on business opportunities in textile and garment industry and leather product. 3.1.1 Textile and garment In 1939 under the Italian government supervision and technology, the first textile factory was opened. Presently the current textiles industry involves in the process of spinning, weaving and processing. Ethiopia has five public textile factories producing mostly work-wear garments for the domestic market. Numerous privately-owned factories produce shirts, suits, work clothes and uniforms for national and foreign markets. Ethiopias textiles and clothing industry is undergoing major development, aided by the presence of a cheap, skilled and highly-motivated workforce. This surge has been helped by the countrys impressive economic growth over the past years. Ethiopias enormous export potential is made possible by the wide availability of raw cotton and other natural fibers and Ethiopias access to domestic, regional and international markets. The basis for the full cycle of business opportunities and the enormous growth potential for the textile industries is the local production of cotton. Large-scale production is carried out under irrigation, mainly in the Awash Valley, which has more than 50,000 hectares under cultivation. Another 45,000 hectares of high-quality cotton is cultivated by small-scale farmers. There still exists huge potential for the expansion of cotton cultivation in Ethiopia, especially in the Omo-Gibe, Wabi Shebelle, Baro Akobo, Blue Nile and Tekeze River basins. The production of cotton is well integrated into the textile sector, with garment factories relying heavily on domestically produced cotton. Available within Ethiopia are all essential ingredients for a competitive textile industry: raw materials, low wages and low energy costs. This gives the country a comparative advantage over other countries and regions. The Ethiopian Government is actively promoting the further modernization of the textile sector with the aim of attracting foreign investors that can penetrate the global market. Output and Products Ethiopias textile manufacturing industry embraces both medium and large public and private enterprises. Their main activities include spinning, fabric formulation, dyeing, finishing and sewing. The Ethiopian textile industry is the third largest manufacturing industry, only second to the food processing, beverage and leather industry. In the fiscal year 2000/01, with a total output value of 699.91 million birr (1USD=8.6 birr), the contribution of textile industry to GDP was 1.35% and 8.31% to the output value of the manufacturing industry. The Ethiopian textile sector mainly produces 100% cotton textiles. Each enterprise produces one product range, such as cotton yarn, cotton fabrics, bed sheets, blanket, knitwear etc. All the cotton yarn in the Ethiopian market is supplied to the local handlooms. It is estimated that the annual hand-loomed fabric is around 95 million square meters. Supply of raw material and accessories Out of the raw materials used by textile enterprises, cotton is widely grown in Ethiopia and it is easily available from local suppliers. Other materials including chemical fiber, wool, dyestuffs and chemicals as well as a small share of lint depend on imports. Export Market Data from Ethiopian Export Promotion Agency show that the fiscal year 2000/01 witnessed apparent increase over the previous year both in the variety and quantity of textile export. Variety increased from 6 kinds, mainly cotton yarn and bleach cloth made from pure cotton, to over 20 kinds including gray cloth pure cotton, bleach cloth, knitwear, bedding products etc. Among them, gray cloth made from pure cotton is the major export item, roughly contributing to 2/3 of the total export quantity. Ethiopias textile export is mainly targeted at European and African markets. In Europe, the export destinations for Ethiopian textiles are Italy, Sweden, and Belgium etc. African major export destinations are Djibouti, Kenya, and Swaziland etc. Ownership and geographical distribution of textile enterprises Due to the reform undertaken by the Ethiopian government in recent years, such as privatization and the favorable conditions for the inflow of foreign and domestic private investment into the textile sector, ownership of the industry has diversified. Various type of ownership, such as public enterprises, privately owned enterprises, shareholding corporation, partnership enterprise and individual enterprises etc have come into being and developed. Broadly classifying the enterprises into public and private, there are currently 19 public and 16 private enterprises which makes a total of 35 enterprises. Most public enterprises are large scale, playing leading roles, as evidenced by the number of enterprises and employees, total output values, income from sales etc. Most textile enterprises are situated in  densely populated large or medium cities. Out of the total 35 textile enterprises in Ethiopia, 18 are in Addis Ababa, the capital city. Textile enterprises located in Amhara and Southern (S.N.N.P) regions are 6 and 5 respectively. Marketing System of textile products Products such as yarn, fabric and blanket made by Ethiopian textile enterprises are usually distributed by private trading companies to the local market. The export of the product is mainly handled by the enterprises themselves. Imported textile hold a large market share in Ethiopian market and nearly one thousand small-scale family-owned trading firms and a small number of large trading companies are engaged in the import business of textile. Favorable Conditions for the Development of the Textile Sector in  Ethiopia Abundant Cotton Resources Ethiopia covers an area of 1.1036 million square kilometers and boasts vast fertile land, rich geographical and weather conditions, and abundant water resources. Domestic cotton production has already developed to a certain scale and for a long time it has made major contribution to satisfying the requirement of fiber by the textile sub-sector. Ethiopia has a large area of irrigated farmland which is very suitable for planting cotton. There is also great potential for further expanding the cultivation and increase the current yield. Abundant cheap labor resource With a population of more than 70 million, and with cheap cost of labor, Ethiopia can provide sufficient labor force with cost-competitiveness for the development of labor intensive textile sub-sector. The cost of labor in the Ethiopian textile sector is not only lower than some Asian nations with developed textile sector, such as China, India, Pakistan but also than some African countries such as Tunisia, Mauritius, Kenya, etc. Support through policy and incentives Ethiopia identifies textile as the key industry to the development of industrialization as well as the exploitation of local resources to promote export in accordance with the policy of  ¡Ã‚ ° Agriculture Development led Industrialization (ADLI). ¡Ã‚ ± The long-term strategy of the Ethiopian government is not only to develop the textile and garment industry and expand shares in domestic market, but also to develop a competitive, profitable industry in the export market. The Ethiopian government has been steadily pushing towards market-oriented reform by means of developing the private sector, deregulating rigid control over the economy, liberalizing foreign exchange, lowering tariff rate, etc. Given that export promotion is of paramount importance, the government has issued a series of export incentives. All in all, in terms of macroeconomic policy, the Ethiopian government has created an enabling environment for the development of textile sub-sector. Investment policy and incentives According to the newly revised investment policy, the minimum capital required for foreign investors has been lowered, creating a conducive investment environment.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The minimum capital requirement for foreign investors on a single investment project has been reduced to 100, 000 USD from 500, 000 USD for solely invested projects and for joint venture it has been lowered to 60, 000USD from 300,000USD. In addition, a series of investment incentives have been put in place, such as:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Remittance of foreign currency of profit and dividends from investment   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Exemption from income tax from 1-5 years etc. In order to promote export, various flexible taxation encouragement measures have been undertaken such as export tax refund, tax coupon and bonded warehouse. Simplified procedures have greatly shortened customs clearance time. The Ministry of Trade and Industry has launched textiles and garment export forum to attract domestic textile and garment exporters into the discussion of issues and future development for textile and garment sector in order to promote the export of textiles and garments.   Increased Domestic Demand Ethiopia has a large territory with a large population. The growth rate of the population is 2.7%, creating a large potential market. According to the country economic development program, the average growth rate of GDP in the coming years will reach around 7%. As a result of the development of economy and the progress in reduction of poverty as well as the improvement of people ¡Ã‚ ¯s living standards, it is believed that not only the present market demand would increase, but also a new market demand will arise. Currently the Ethiopian per capita fiber consumption is roughly 1kg, which is far below the worlds average level of 8.7kg and Africa average level of 3.2 kg. It is estimated that domestic fiber demand will increase at an annual rate of 5% and the large and continuously increasing domestic market will fuel the development of the textile sector. Easy access to international market In the latter half of the 20th  century, the consumption of fiber products all over the world has increased five times, while the world population has increased only 1.4 times.  Ã‚  The improved living standards quality of human beings has created 2/3 of the increase in fiber production. In recent years, along with the revival of world economy, particularly the economic growth of U.S.A, Europe and Japan, the market demand has increased. In 2000, import volume of textiles in the world amounted to US $167.13 billion. The United States and EU were the two largest textile importers,  Ã‚  occupying 39.2% of the world ¡Ã‚ ¯s textile import value. Africa Growth Opportunity Act (AGOA) In May 2000, the United States approved Africa Growth Opportunity Act (AGOA) to give sub-Sahara region of Africa, specifically 48 countries, special preferential trade policy. In August 2001, Ethiopia was entitled AGOA qualifications and is one of the 18 beneficiary countries which can export textiles and garments to the United States free of duty and without quota restrictions. Everything but Arms of the European Union The European Union (EU) has given preferential trade policy to the Lesser Developed Beneficiary Countries (LDBC) including Ethiopia. Accordingly, Ethiopia is a beneficiary of Everything but Arms initiative of the EU in which all Ethiopian export products except arms can enter the EU market free of duty and without quota restrictions. Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa (COMESA) Ethiopia is a member of the Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa (COMESA) agreement embracing 20 countries in Eastern and Southern Africa with a population of approximately 353 million. Exports and imports with member countries enjoy preferential tariff rates. Bilateral Agreement Ethiopia has signed bilateral trade agreements with 16 nations such as Russia, Turkey, Yemen etc which provide legal framework for enjoying most-favoured-nation treatment and removing tariff barriers. According to Generalized System of Preference (GSP), most of the products made in Ethiopia enjoy tariff treatment in the United States, Canada, Switzerland, Norway, Sweden, Finland, Austria, Japan and the majority of EU member nations. 3.1.2 Leather products Ethiopia exports processed and semi-processed hides and skins to the world market. Some of the products, such as Ethiopian highland sheepskin (which has gained an international reputation for making gloves), are known for their quality and natural characteristics. Ethiopian hide and skin exports include pickled sheep skin, wet blue sheep skin, crust sheep skin, wet blue goat skin, crust goat skin, crust cow hides, finished garment leather, finished glove leather, lining/upper leather, suede leather, full grain leather, embossed leather and patent leather.   The manufacturing and export potential of finished leather and leather products (such as leather garments, footwear, gloves, bags and other leather articles) is also highly promising. Production capacity of hides and skins Ethiopia has a major comparative advantage in the raw materials sector needed for the leather sector which makes it in principle very appropriate for leather product exporting: Ethiopia has the largest livestock production in Africa, and the 10th  largest in the world. Ethiopias livestock population is currently estimated at 35 million cattle, 21 million sheep and 16.8 million goats. Annually it produces 2.7 million hides, 8.1 million sheepskins and 7.5 million goatskins.[1]  This comparative advantage is further underlined by the fact that the cost of raw hides and skins constitute on average between 55 to 60% of the production of semi-processed leather (Kiruthu 2002). These data are provided by LLPTI and ETA. Muchie (2000: 539) provided slightly different estimates for the late 1990s: 30 million cattle, 24 million sheep and 19 million goats, while CSA (2002) provided diverging figures for 2000/01, especially in the case of skins: 35.4 million cattle, 11.4 million sheep and 9.6 million goats. Leather processing categories and suppliers With in the leather sector, the CSA distinguishes two broad categories. The first one is the tanning/dressing of leather, manufacture of luggage and handbags, while the second concerns the manufacture of footwear. The footwear enterprises are more numerous, but smaller in terms of employment than the former category. For example, in 1999/2000 out of 53 leather establishments, 38 (72%) were in footwear, employing only 49% of the total persons engaged (CSA 2002). Since the downfall of the Derg, a rapid expansion has been taking place in the tannery sub-sector. In 1990 there were only eight tanners, consisting of six public and two private plants. In November 2002, 19 tanneries were registered with the Ethiopian Tanners Association (ETA): 15 private and 4 public ones; the latter are in the process of privatisation. Furthermore, six private tanneries are in development. The annual sheep and goatskin production of an estimated 15.6 million skins falls below the capacity of the 19 tanneries (LLPTI). According to the ETA, the current daily capacity of the tanneries of 133,450 skins is being utilized for only 50.1%, while this percentage is higher for hides (65.6%), albeit of a much lower daily capacity of 5,055 hides. All but one tannery can produce skins, while only half of them have the capacity to produce hides. Regarding small-scale footwear producers in Addis Ababa, some studies have been undertaken (e.g. Tebarek 1997, Tseguereda 2002 and Zewdie et. al. 2003, this volume). There is a clear cluster of such producers in a specific part of  Merkato, the largest open-air market in Africa. Within this cluster (i.e.Woreda  5), there is a sub-cluster called  Shera Tera, where there are not only many producers, but also the largest concentration of suppliers of almost all raw materials necessary for shoe production. The very existence of a well-developed system of suppliers in the footwear sector represents one of the main assets of small shoe producers. The ability of suppliers to manufacture a wide variety of products with short delivery times allows the shoe producers to postpone to the last moment their purchase of inputs. Products Sheep and goats skins represent the bulk of Ethiopian leather production. Ethiopian highland sheepskins (cabretta), in particular retain a high reputation in international markets for some natural characteristics of clarity, thickness, flexibility, strength and compact texture which make them especially suitable for high quality gloves, sports equipment and garments.  Goat skins classified as  Bati-genuine  and  Bati-typeare characterised by thick, highly flexible and clean inner surfaces and are in high demand for the production of fashion leathers, especially suede (à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦). Hides, in stead are not regarded as particularly attractive in international markets due to the poor quality and the small size of the  zebu,  the most common bovine in Ethiopia. (Bini 2002: 17). The Ethiopian leather and leather product sub-sector produces a range of products from semi-processed leather in various forms to processed leathers such as shoe uppers, leather garments, stitched upholstery, school bags, handbags, industrial gloves, and finished leather. Such leather products have been exported to markets in Europe, the USA, Canada, Japan and the Far East. There is also export to countries in Africa, in particular to Nigeria and Uganda, as well as to the near East, i.e. Yemen. The market for leather products is mainly international and not domestic. Export During the past two decades leather and semi-processed hides and skins have constituted the second major export product of the country with between 10 and 20 % of total foreign earnings, second only to coffee with between 50 and 60% of earnings (apart from the late 1990s when it was just under 10%). The percentage has been fluctuating, and the most recent figures indicate a  decrease  in exports. In 2000/2001, 12,170 tons of skins and hides were exported, generating 618 million Birr (almost US $ 73 million); this accounted for 17.2 % of total foreign earnings. However, in the 2001/2002 fiscal year a smaller volume (10,462 tons) of skins and hides were exported, and, as a result, only 481 million Birr was obtained, accounting for 14.1 % of total foreign earnings (Addis Tribune 2002). It has to be said though that the year 2000/2001 witnessed a peak in the foreign earnings in this sector. The largest share of the foreign earnings comes from sheepskins; in 1995 sheepskins, mainly in pickles, accounted for 66% of the total of US $ 61.3 million in foreign earnings by the leather sector, while this percentage was 18% for (wet-blue) goatskins and 16% for hides and other skins (Muchie 2000: 549). It is also sometimes claimed that the large majority (i.e. 90%) of all the sheepskins that are produced in Ethiopia are exported. The importance of Ethiopian exports relative to other African countries, can be indicated by the share Ethiopia contributes to total African skin exports: 51% in the case of sheep and 30% in the case of goats. Exported products go in particular to the UK and Italy; in 1996 these countries took up 27% and 26% respectively (Kodama 2001 and Muchie 2000). Constraints for development Supply A major problem with the leather sector is the by-product status of hides and skins: Cattle, goats and sheep are mainly used for meat (cf. Kodama 2001 and Worku 2002). Thus, the product, i.e.  hides and skins, arrives when meat is needed,not when it is appropriate for leather processing. In Ethiopia meat is needed in three waves because of religiously induced fasting seasons and festivals; for example, in Amhara, which provides the largest volume of sheepskins, these festivals are Easter (April), Ethiopian New Year and Mesqal (September), and Christmas and Timqat (January). Quality As a result of this by-product status, not enough attention is paid to maintaining the quality of the hides and skins. Different serious problems at the source impacting on the leather quality are: flay cuts, putrefaction, animal diseases (ekek), branding, poor pattern, dirt and dung, hides/skins are not sold when prices are considered to be too low (deteriorating quality), etc. Estimates of the loss to the Ethiopian economy due to such problems reach US $ 14 million per year. In order to address these problems, (pilot) projects are underway with the participation of ESALIA, CFC, UNIDO, FAO, UNIC and others. At the same time, meat consumption, especially in the rural areas, is intertwined with the system of food security. Unless the food security of peasants is ensured, the meat consumption will not increase. Berhanu and Kibre (2002) have made an interesting study of competitiveness in the Ethiopian leather sector. For the tanning sector, they have concluded that the main factors affecting  competitiveness are: low capacity utilization; the poor economic infrastructure: inefficient infrastructure and inefficient bureaucratic structures combined significantly raises the transaction costs of firms, making it difficult to compete nationally or internationally; the technology employed is not updated (regularly), in particular the lack of learning in production management; the lack of hard currency to purchase spare parts and inputs; the relative lack of export support and/or promotion services For the leather footwear firms, the main factors affecting competitiveness are the poor quality of domestic leather, and the high cost of (imported) inputs. They conclude that resource endowment is not enough for competitiveness, and that, similarly, the availability of cheap and abundant labour by itself does not seem to be sufficient to compete internationally. Labour costs in Ethiopia, for example, are estimated to be lower than those in China: the basic wage in Ethiopia is around US $ 0,7 per day, or almost 6 Birr, while it is around US $ 1 in China. Most relevant with respect to technology is the lack of timely and efficient maintenance, modification, and innovation. This has in particular to do with the lack of spare parts (foreign currency shortage), and unsatisfactory learning effort exhibited by labour and management. 3.1.3 Recommended Modes of Entry in Manufacturing Sector Recommend mode for Textile and Garment Industry Leather products The government of Ethiopia invites companies to participate in the investment of Ethiopias textile industry. Foreign companies can participate in this industry in the following three forms: 1.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  By setting up wholly-owned (sole) enterprises by themselves. 2.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  By setting up enterprises in joint venture with Ethiopian companies. 3.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  By establishing cooperation with Ethiopian public enterprises. These enterprises, which are in the process of privatization by the government, have their own future prospects and plans. Some wish to expand their enterprises by installing new and modern machinery and equipment, some would like to develop their human resources through training. Some would like to study new market opportunities, etc. Therefore, there are various ways of cooperation with these enterprises, which may require discussion with specific enterprises. However, there are three forms of cooperation which applies to all enterprises which foreign investors can participate. These are: a)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Joint venture b)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Wholesale ownership c)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Contract Management d) Direct investment 3.1.4 SWOT Analysis Strength Availability of excellent resources/huge domestic raw material base Abundant and inexpensive labour force Attractive investment incentive packages and tax structure Substantial growth industries: average of circa 10-30% per sector. Weakness Lack of trained management and skilled worker Quality of finished product Lower Productivity in various segments.   Industry is highly dependent on Cotton and raw leather. Lack of Technological Development that affect the productivity and other activities in whole value chain Opportunities Large, Potential Domestic and International Market. Product development and Diversification to cater global needs.   Scope for move toward garment infrastructure and value added production Scope for effectively exploiting markets with phase out quota regime effectively Scope for Technology up gradation on equipment front Threats Continuous Quality Improvement is need of the hour as there are different demand patterns all over the world. International labor and Environmental Laws.   To balance the demand and supply. To make balance between price and quality.   3.2 Business opportunities in Agriculture Sector Agriculture is the backbone of the Ethiopian economy. The sector contributes about 43% of the GDP and 86% of exports.   The export of Ethiopia is dominated by coffee and oil seeds, which together accounted to 50.6% in 2008/09. Other principal export commodities are chat, flowers, pulses, and live animals. Ethiopia with 18 major agro-ecological zones and various agro-ecological sub-zones has a suitable climate for growing over 146 types of crops. 3.2.1 Food and beverage crops Maize Maize is an important crop in Ethiopia. It is grown in the mid highland areas of the country. There are huge tracts of land in all regions suitable for maize farming. Maize is mainly produced in SNNPR and Oromia regions where there are about 1.77 million hectares under cultivation. Wheat and Barley Farming Wheat and barley are mostly grown in the highlands and mid highland areas of the country mainly in Oromia (Bale and Arsi Zones) and some parts of Amhara (North Gondar and North Shewa) Regions.   Wheat and barley are the main cereal crops in the country with about 1,095,436 and 1,398,215 hectares under cultivation, respectively. The potential for the private sector in agro-processing and out growers scheme of development is significant. It offers excellent opportunities for production of wheat under irrigation in the Afar, Gambella, SNNPR and Somali Regions. Oil seeds and pulses A variety of oil seeds (e.g. sesame, rapeseed, linseed, groundnut, sunflower, Niger seed, cotton seed, etc.) are grown in Ethiopia. The demand for sesame has been increasing in the global market making sesame an increasingly important export commodity in Ethiopia. In 2008/09, Ethiopia exported 287,000 tons of sesame valued at 356.1 million USD, accounting for 24.6% of the total export earnings. Rapeseed, linseed, groundnut, sunflower, Niger seed and cotton seed also serve as raw materials for the domestic edible oil industry.   Cultivation of pulses like beans, peas, chickpeas, lentils, soybeans, etc. is also common in Ethiopia. Cultivation is carried out in both the highland and lowland areas of the country mainly by peasant farmers. Currently, the country exports a large quantity of pulses to the international market. There are also a number of factories that process pulses in the country. Rice Farming Rice could suitably grow in many parts of the country. The predominant potential areas are:- West central highlands of Amhara Region (Fogera, Gonder Zuria,Dembia, Takusa and Achefer); North West lowland areas of Amhara and Benshangul Regions (Jawi, Pawi, Metema and Dangur); Gameblla regional state (Abobo and Etang Woredas) South and South West Lowlands of SNNPR (Beralee, Weyito, Omorate, Gura Ferda and Menit); Somali Region (Gode); South Western Highlands of Oromia Region (Illuababora, East and West Wellega and Jimma Zones). Spices The major spices cultivated in Ethiopia are ginger, hot pepper, fenugreek, turmeric, cummins, cardamoms, corianders and black pepper. Currently, there are nearly 122,700 ha under spice farming. Spice production reached 244,000 tonnes per year. The potential areas for the cultivation of spice are Amhara and Oromiya, SNNP and Gambella regions. The potential for low land spice farming is estimated to be 200,000ha. Coffee Ethiopia is one of Africas leading exporters of coffee generating most of its export earnings. Coffee is grown over 600,000 hectares, the largest of these areas lie in the south and south western highlands of the country.   More than 60% of Ethiopian coffee is produced as forest or semi-forest coffee. The four main coffee growing regions in Ethiopia are: Harrar, Ghimbi, Sidama /Yirgacheffe, and Jimma/Keffa. The country has more genetic diversity among its coffee varieties than any other county.   Nine different varieties are cultivated in the four major growing areas.   Tea Ethiopian tea is some of the best quality tea in the world. Ethiopias current annual tea production from three private estates is approximately 7000 tons of black tea per annum. The total area covered by tea plantation is 2700 ha and the country only produces black tea but has potential to grow all types of tea. Investment potential exists in large-scale commercial tea production and modern tea blending and packing industries. The tea industry in Ethiopia has been lacking investment. The Government has been proactive to increase private investment in tea plantations. As part of its privatization program for state owned enterprises, in 2000, two estates covering 2,109ha for $27milliom USD were sold to private investors. Moreover, an Indian company that owns and runs the Tata Tea Estate has signed an agreement with a domestic owned private company to manage the tea estate. The company will transfer the latest technology of tea planting, growing, harvesting and manufacturing of black te a, assist in planting tea in 5,000 hectares of land and also have the option of investing in the equity of the company at a future date. 3.2.2 Horticultural crops Due to Ethiopias good agro-climatic circumstances it is able to produce fruits and vegetables throughout the year. Both the low- and highland areas offer good opportunities. The major fruits and vegetables growing areas of the country are summarized as follows East Hararghe (eastern part of the country) with vegetables dominating, East Shewa (Central Ethiopia in Oromia Regional State) produces both fruits and vegetables including tomato, green beans, orange, mandarin, papaya West S

Arguments For ‘Invitation To Treat And An Offer

The English Law on the formation of contracts generally requires there to be an offer and a matching acceptance. The offer must set out and refer to the object for sale and all the important terms of the contract. The acceptance must indicate agreement to all the terms of contract. If it does not do so, the acceptance will be regarded as a counter-offer which is capable of rejecting the original offer, thereby making it incapable of acceptance later (Hyde v Wrench (1840) CC 49 ER 132).There are two offers, the one made by Susan through the advertisement on the 1st of March and that of Alice in response to the initial offer on the 27th of March that amounted to a counter-offer. There is also the issue of the application of the postal rule and its limitations in the case of Tahir, the issue of instantaneous communications and when the revocation of an offer becomes effective in the case of Emma and its rules.In Tahir’s case, the letter and enclosed Cheque he sent on the 27th of March would have been the most preferable choice of acceptance because the general postal rule would have applied easily which allows the effectiveness of a posted acceptance to start right from when it was posted, so as to enhance the effectiveness of businesses, if they can start working farther on the assumption that there is a binding contract between both parties as in Adams v Lindsell (1818).But, the fact that Susan defined the terms of the contract by stating the modes of acceptance and payment that was acceptable, which does not include a letter or a cheque makes the postal rule ineffective on Tahir’s letter, as it is unacceptable. Although, sending a letter as a form of acceptance was reasonable; there is no binding contract between Susan and Tahir because of the definition of terms and conditions of the offer. Alice’s letter on the 27th of March is a counter-offer which is capable of rejecting the original offer.If Alice had not altered the terms of the offer , which resulted in an offer of her own, The letter would have been an acceptance, and the usual rule when a letter of acceptance is sent in reply to an offer is that the acceptance takes effect on posting, ensuring there is a binding contract. However, this postal rule has no application here, since; the case of Holwell securities v Hughes (1974) makes it clear that the rule can be avoided by a specific request in the terms of the offer according to LAWTON L. J â€Å"Now in this case, the â€Å"notice in writing† was to be one â€Å"to the intending vendor.†It was to be an intimation to him that the grantee had exercised the option: he was the one who was to be fixed with the information contained in the writing. He never was, because the letter carrying the information went astray. The plaintiffs were unable to do what the agreement said they were to do, namely, fix the defendant with knowledge that they had decided to buy his property. If this construction of the o ption clause is correct, there is no room for the application of any rule of law relating to the acceptance of offers by posting letters since the option agreement stipulated what had to be done to exercise the option.On this ground alone I would dismiss the appeal†. Considering, the email Alice sent on the 28th of March, which would have been the most suitable form of acceptance as at that time, although it was sent on Friday, it was out of office hours and so Susan is unable to read it, therefore the acceptance was not communicated as the instantaneous communications rules requires as in Entores v Miles East Corp. It is generally agreed that the instantaneous communications will cover the email, and so the time of communication, rather than the time of sending, is the relevant time.Applying this rule to Alice’s email, the email has no effect because as at the time it was communicated the offer was no longer capable of acceptance. Alice has no binding contract with Sus an because her letter was a counter-offer and the email was communicated when the offer was already withdrawn. The case law on revocation of offers establishes that offers can be withdrawn at any time prior to acceptance (Payne v Cave (1789)), provided that the withdrawal is communicated to the offeree.The latter point is reinforced by the decision in Byrne v Van Tienhoven (1880), which concerns the revocation of an offer by telegram. Applying this to the dealings of Emma and Susan, If Susan received Emma’s email before the revocation was published in the papers, the revocation will be ineffective, and there will be a binding contract. This assumes, however, that the advert is deemed to be  communicated to Emma as soon as it was published and available to read on the 29th of March, because the information in the advert is sufficient notification to Emma that Susan has withdrawn the offer.Although, Emma may want to argue that the offer was open until the 31st of March, there fore they have a binding contract. This is not so, using the case of Routledge v Grant (1828), in which it was held that a promise of this kind will not generally be binding. The reason is that the promise will generally not have provided any consideration for the promise.If Susan had been given any amount of money or valuable in return for keeping the offer open until the 31st of march, then consideration would have been provided, and she would be bounded to her promise but in the absence of such she is free to withdraw the offer anytime. Therefore, Emma’s email has no effect because, she bears the responsibility of reading the revocation in the paper as Susan has taken the most reasonable form of communicating the revocation in this case. In conclusion, there is no binding contract between Susan and the other parties.